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Rationale - what it means and why it is an important measure
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Air pollution affects human health (acutely and chronically), vegetation, buildings, construction materials, monuments and cultural heritage sites. It is caused by emissions from mobile and point sources; these are directly linked to energy consumption, environmental policy, city density, transport by motor vehicles and concentrations of industries, for example.
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How it is compiled, what data are needed
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Total emissions in tones per capita per annum of : (a) SO2; (b) Nox; (c) CO2.
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Measurements and units
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CO2 (tones/capita/year)
Nox (tones/capita/year)
SO2 (tones/capita/year)
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Possible temporal and spatial format
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Graphs, column charts, trend charts
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Reference to methodology resources
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UNCHS. http://www.urbanobservatory.org/indicators/guidelines/extended/
EC, Directorate General Environment, Working Group of the Expert Group on the Urban Environment, 2000. Towards a Local Sustainability Profile - European Common Indicators. http://www.sustainable-cities.org/indicators/
EF, 1998. Urban Sustainability Indicators for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
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Objective
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To reduce emissions to a minimum.
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Targets, benchmarks, reference values
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Kyoto Protocol targets for emissions on a national level (no targets have been set for emissions on a city level).
Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: Reduce aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide- equivalent emissions of greenhouse gases by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period of 2008-2012.
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References to examples of application
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The World Bank's "Clean Air Initiative for Latin American Cities" has developed toolkits to prevent further emissions and restore air quality in Latin American urban areas, http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/cleanair/infocenter/index.htm.
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Other comments / background
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Urban air pollution home page, http://doric.bart.ucl.ac.uk/web/ben/
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