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The Durban
Pilot Study report is divided into 4 Sections, please remember
that this is a pilot study and not intended to be a full State
of the Environment and Development report:
Issues:
- Air
- Terrestrial
resources
- Marine resources
- Fresh water
resources
- Waste
- Cultural resources
- Noise
- Crime
The situation in each case is
reported in terms of cause and effect, i.e. what factors and
influences are causing environmental problems, what the
current status is, and what is being done or should be done to
alleviate environmental problems which impact on human health
and quality of life. The chapters are drafted in the
international framework of DRSIR : Driving Force,
Pressure, State, Impact and Response. In this case,
however, "Pressure" includes "Driving
Forces".
- Driving forces
These are the underlying human activities that lead to
environmental change. They may be governmental activities,
such as agricultural policies, or energy subsidisation
policies, corporate activities, such as irresponsible
disposal of waste or inefficient use of raw materials, or
they may be consumer activities, such as private vehicle
use, or recreational activities.
- Pressures These
are the consequent pressures on the environment and natural
resources, such as increased pollution of air, water, and
soil; or depletion of natural resources such as fish stocks
and woody biomass.
- State This section
describes the current state, and where data are available,
shows trends in environmental quality over time.
- Impacts These are
the consequences of the pressures on natural resources, such
as reductions in biodiversity, soil degradation and
desertification, or sea level rise.
- Responses This
section describes the current policies and management
strategies that are in place to combat environmental
degradation, the effectiveness of these policies, and
recommendations for additional activities to alleviate
environmental problems.
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An example of
the DPSIR system
Issue: Global warming
Driving forces (of environmental change):
Burning of fossil fuels to provide energy
Pressures (on the environment): "green house"
gases are emitted on a large scale which trap heat in
the earths atmosphere.
State (of the environment): Mean annual
temperatures are increasing, causing, inter alia, polar
ice caps to melt, species distribution patterns to
change
Impacts (on ecosystems, population, economy):
Coastal areas become inundated with water, affecting
buildings and infrastructure, changing coastal ecosystem
dynamics and harvesting of coastal resource,
Response (of society): Policies and
international conventions to reduce emissions of "green
house" gases, mitigatory measures at the coast to
control sea levels
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Sectors Affecting
the Natural Environment:
In this
section, 3 of the key drivers of environmental change i.e
Population, Economy and Transportation are
discussed. These chapters are again drafted in the PSIR
format. The chapter on Climate is not drafted in this format
and is placed in this section as the climate although impacted
on by other activities affects the natural environment e.g.
inversions, global warming etc. At this point the chapter is
not fully populated and merely gives an explanation of the
climate of Durban.
Environmental
Management:
This section describes the
overall response of the Durban Metropolitan Council i.e.
the development of an environmental management
system aimed at improving the sustainability of the city
generally referred to as "Durban's Local Agenda 21
Programme".
Indicators:
This section provides
information on the concept of sustainability indicators and
provides a framework of such indicators. Environmental indicators are used to assess
environmental conditions and trends on a national, regional
and global scale; to compare countries and regions; to
forecast and project trends; to provide early warning
information, and to assess conditions in relation to goals and
targets. In this way, large amounts of information can be
easily presented and understood, thus enhancing decision
making. The global core set is the list of indicatos provided
in the CEROI project and has been populated as far as
possible. Additional information and research is required
before the section on indicators, particularly sustainability
indicators can be completed.
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