|
CATEGORY |
PRESSURE |
STATE |
RESPONSE |
|
Atmospheric pollution |
Emissions of greenhouse gasses
Emissions of sulphur oxides
Emissions of nitrogen oxides |
Ambient concentrations of pollutants/ha/year
reflected as ratio’s of accepted standards or
guidelines |
Expenditure on air pollution abatement
(R/year) |
|
RATIONALE
The pollutants selected reflect the primary
emissions from the industries and motor cars in the
Durban area. The state is a reflection of exposure to
the pollutants and could be compared with a standard or
guideline value (these could be mapped through GIS
annually to determine the key impact points to focus
attention. |
|
CATEGORY |
PRESSURE |
STATE |
RESPONSE |
|
Biodiversity |
Annual passive open space land loss (to urbanisation,
erosion etc) per total open space |
Protected important biodiversity/habitat areas as a %
of total area (reflected as annual change) |
Area of invasive plant species rehabilitated annually
(ha/year) |
|
RATIONALE
The
indicators assume that passive open space is retained
for reasons of biodiversity. |
|
Crime |
(There are no indicators to reflect the pressure on
crime, however, as additional research is conducted
links between the state of crime and economic/social
pressures may be included here) |
Incidence of index crimes:
* General theft
*
Theft from/of motor vehicles
* Robbery with
aggravated circumstances
* Rape
* Murder
Juvenile (<16) crime rate |
Expenditure on policing |
|
RATIONALE
Crime indicators do not
directly relate to sustainability in the system
and should preferably be
reflected with the socio-economic indicators rather than
as stand-alone
indicators.
|
|
Education |
Male-female school enrolement rations (reflected year
on year) School life expectancy
Equity in school expenditure |
Adult literacy rate
Education level of the bottom 10% of 20 year olds
Annual % of school leavers proceeding to higher
education |
Expenditure on primary education (R/year)
Annual budget for adult literacy
(R/year) |
|
RATIONALE
Education
indicators reflect the schooling system they should not
relate to the grades of pupils in the
system. |
|
Environmental Management |
Annual work hours of the city Environmental
Management staff
Annual % staff turnover of Environmental Management
staff |
Mandated environmental assessment of city
projects
Implemented environmental management systems for city
service departments
Maintenance of up-to-date environmentalmanagement
information for the DMA |
Expenditure for the environmental department in the
city (R/year)
Annual expenditure for Agenda 21 projects
Access of the public to environmental management
information |
|
RATIONALE
The
sustainability of the environmental management function
in the city depends on the commitment of staff to its
success. |
|
Human health |
% of population exposed to high levels of air
pollutant (as determined through the atmospheric
pollutant indicators).
% population with access to safe drinking water
Nutritional status of children
% of low birthweight infants/100 children
born |
Incidence of indicator illnesses in children:
|
Annual expenditure on primary health care services
(R/year) |
|
RATIONALE
The human
health indicators relate directly to the exposure of
children to environmental pollutants. Children are
selected as indicators of health as they are most
directly influenced by environmental condition. Please
note that there are a number of health indicators, only
the key indicators have been reflected here. As an the
incidence of HIV and AIDS has not been considered here
but may be an important indicator of State of human
health. |
|
Marine resources |
Number of fishing licenses issued annually in the
DMA
Annual pipeline effluent load into the marine
environment and incidence of effluent standard
exceedance |
Fish caught per unit of fishing effort (No.
fish/person hours fished)
Incidence of "fish kills"/unit effluent |
Expenditure for preservation of marine biodiversity
(R/year)
Annual expenditure to reduce pipeline pollutant loads
(R/year) |
RATIONALE
The selected
indicators reflect the impact that finshing and marine
waste disposal has on the marine resource (as reflected
through fish as indicator species). As further research
is conducted a specific fish species may be selected as
an indicator species. |
|
Population |
Average life expectancy at birth for men and women
Net migration rate |
Population density
Net population growth rate
(year-on-year) |
Expenditure on prophylaxis for free distribution
(R/year)
Annual expenditure on family planning education
(R/year) |
|
RATIONALE
The
indicators selected assume a current rapid increase in
population levels. The indicators should be reviewed in
light of incidence on HIV and
AIDS |
|
Transport |
Per capita ownership of private cars
Public transport/private vehicle km
travelled |
Annual change in average trip time (as reflected
through public transport)
Road related deaths annually in the DMA
Total expenditure on traffic related fines
Annual income derived from public transport services
(R/year) |
Expenditure on driver education programmes
(R/year)
Increase in public transport km driven
(%/year) |
|
RATIONALE
The
transport indicators focus on the use of public
transport so as to relieve congestion on the road system
and to reduce the usage of fossil fuels in the
Metro. |
|
Waste |
Generation of industrial and municipal solid waste
(differentiated)
(tonnes/year) Generation of hazardous
wastes |
Household waste disposed per capita Areas of land
contaminated by waste disposal |
Expenditure by the Metro on waste management services
(R/year)
Waste recycling and reuse (% of wastes
generated/year) |
RATIONALE
Waste disposal
should be minimised wherever possible. The indicators
selected reflect the generation of waste and how that
waste is disposed or treated. |
|
Water |
% population with adequate sanitation facilities
Domestic consumption of water per
capita |
Quality of river water entering the city/quality
leaving the city (reflected as a ratio of faecal
coliform values)
Surface and groundwater reserves/annual withdraw of
water |
Annual expenditure for the provision of sanitation
services (R/year)
Annual expenditure on water saving
services. |
|
RATIONALE
Water indicators relate to the maintenance of
the water reserve and to the reduction of pollutant
loads. The primary pollutant in the Durban area is
faecal coliform which would explain its choice as the
key indicator. As the city becomes more urbanised and
sanitation services are extended the indicator pollutant
should be
reviewed. |
